“Audubon the Naturalist” Oil painting portrait of John James Audubon by John Woodhouse Audubon and Victor Gifford Audubon, 1848. Credit: American Museum of Natural History Library
A name that is unmistakable – Audubon. It is immediately associated with birds. Wild birds. Birds spectacularly illustrated by John James Audubon, after whom so many chapters and organizations are named. Known for The Birds of America, with its 435 life size engravings of 490 species, it was a definitive work of great ornithological importance that ushered in the current field of American ornithology.
Here, almost 200 years later, organizations, including Burroughs Audubon Society of Greater Kansas City (BAS), are grappling with Audubon’s legacy. That begins with what is now known about the exaggeration and manipulation in Audubon’s own writings. Almost predicting this discussion, BAS hosted Daniel Patterson at our annual dinner in 2019. Author of The Missouri River Journals of John James Audubon, Patterson took us through the fragments of existing documents that contrast with the sanitized and heavily edited version published by his granddaughter, Maria, after she burned the originals.
One example comes from the well-known excerpt from Audubon’s journals, the “Great Auk Speech”. In this passage, Audubon warns that buffalo will go the way of the Great Auk. When his journals were written in 1843, the Great Auk was not seen by Audubon as a species of concern because he believed it was still breeding on islands south-east of Newfoundland. When Maria was editing the journals in the 1890s, the extinction of the Great Auk was a rallying call for conservation. This and other similar examples would have put the real Audubon, who was known for shooting animals indiscreetly and in great numbers, at odds with the upper levels of society in which Maria wished to be accepted. In her own words, she wanted her grandfather to be remembered as “a refined and cultured gentleman… (and)…a visionary conservationist.”
As one looks deeper into Audubon’s life, the trouble grows as darker truths surface. In today’s light, Audubon’s racism is intolerable. He is known to have owned 9 slaves during the 18-teens that were sold when he faced financial problems. In the 1820s, he again owned slaves and sold them before he went to Europe to oversee the publication of The Birds of America. He would use slaves as “hands” on a journey and then sell them at the end, just as he did with tools he no longer needed. Notably, Audubon was also outspoken against the abolitionist movement which was taking place during this time in history.
In his five-volume set, Ornithological Biography, Audubon shares the story of an escaped slave family living in the swamps of Louisiana. The family had been torn apart when sold to separate owners. The father had escaped his new owner and found the rest of his family, reuniting them one by one. After spending a night in their camp, Audubon returns them to their original owner the following day, writing “rendered as happy as slaves generally are in that country”. Relating to his own lineage, it may be of interest that Audubon was the son of a French ship captain and a woman described as ‘creole’ and one of his mistresses. Audubon’s writings always put him in the whitest light, insisting that his mother was of Spanish descent (Nobles, 2020). Scholars theorize that this may have fueled his bigoted treatment of black and indigenous people.
The fabrications do not stop there. The famed story of Audubon banding Eastern Phoebes by attaching silver string to their legs, only to marvel at the return of two the following year, may have been impossible. Scholars have reconstructed the banding, dating it to 1804. In much detail, Audubon describes the nest and placement of the strings. He was home at that time, and part of this may have taken place, but the following year when the birds would have have returned, Audubon was in France and remained there for a little over a year. (Halley, 2018)
There is also the matter of Audubon obtaining, describing, and naming a new hawk collected in Louisiana by John Carmichael Jenkins. Jenkins wrote that Audubon “described and named it without my knowledge or consent.” Jenkins wanted to name the bird Morton’s Hawk, after his friend Dr. Samuel George Morton. While the chain of events is still unclear, Dr. Morton presented the collection of birds from Jenkins to the Academy of Natural Sciences without the most enviable specimen — the new species of hawk. Audubon was on his way to Europe with the specimen that he would name Harris’s Hawk after his friend and financial supporter, Edward Harris.
It’s also important to note that many of the common names of American birds, such as Harris’s Hawk, are not reflective of the indigenous people who had known these species for centuries. European naturalists often relied upon indigenous people for help in their quest to catalogue and collect specimens, and this is largely unacknowledged or respected. This is another topic that the American Ornithological Society (AOS) is working through, with the first result being the McCown’s Longspur. Named for Captain John P. McCown, an American army officer who collected the specimen in 1851 but later fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War, the AOS recently changed the common name to Thick-billed Longspur.
Part of Audubon’s pinnacle work, The Birds of America, may also have been fabricated and only able to be produced because of excitement over a made-up bird: The Bird of Washington. Proclaimed as a new species of eagle discovered by Audubon, it appears that The Bird of Washington was a compilation of a multiple species published years before in The Cyclopoedia (Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, 1802). It was this perplexing drawing, named after a popular George Washington, that is credited with Audubon procuring funds to launch The Birds of America.
These revelations of Audubon’s racism, deceit, scientific malfeasances, and unscrupulous self-promotion have left us struggling with what is in our name. National Audubon Society has spent the last century protecting birds and their habitat. Organizations named in his honor have provided innumerable benefits to the natural world, yet the uncomfortable reality remains: the character of the man is unbefitting the good work done in his name. We recognize that Audubon’s name can be a barrier to inclusion and acceptance that we demand from members, science, and society. How to resolve what matters in a name while keeping the legacy of a century of conservation intact is an ongoing conversation that needs collective voices from all levels. While there is certainly much more to come on this issue, we invite members to share their thoughts by email: mail AT burroughs DOT org. We earnestly want to hear what you think. In return, BAS promises that this discussion will not interfere with our mission to promote the appreciation of birds and nature, natural history education, and the conservation of habitat. We also promise to keep you informed, with complete transparency, as the discussion moves from National Audubon down to each chapter and member.
References:
Audubon, John James and Daniel Patterson. The Missouri River Journals of John James Audubon. University of Nebraska Press, 2016.
Halley, Matthew. (2018). Audubon’s famous banding experiment: Fact or Fiction? Archives of Natural History. 45. 10.3366/anh.2018.0487.
Halley Matthew R. 2020. Audubon’s Bird of Washington: unravelling the fraud that launched The birds of America. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 140:2, 110.
Halley, M. R. 2020a. “The theft of Morton’s Hawk, now known as Harris’s Hawk”. Cassinia 77: 27–33
Lanham, J. Drew. “What Do We Know about John James Audubon”, Audubon Magazine, Spring 2021
Nobles, Gregory. “The Myth of John James Audubon” Audubon Magazine, July 31, 2020 (accessed online 2/4/2022)
-Mary Nemecek, BAS Board Member and Conservation Committee Chair
No one is perfect. Killing birds was the only way he could really paint them. They weren’t endangered then as they are now. Did he stretch the truth in a lot of sightings and names? I’m sure he did. It is the only way he would have gotten “Birds of America” published. Although we realize “owning people” is a horrible thing, it was very accepted at the time. Humans can legitimize a lot of wrong things in their minds, especially if the crowd is on their side. Still “Birds of America” did wonderful things for our birds. Don’t forget, Audubon died a pauper, so in the end he didn’t profit from his hard work.
Good and bad have been in tension ever since the beginning of human self-awareness, and while making accommodation, people have known the difference between good and bad since the dawn of social living. We’re observers of the good and bad in others, especially in the past, but we can make choices about our own behavior. The act of sifting through history and embracing what we know is good (and rejecting the bad) says as much about our character as it does about those whom we choose to honor.
It’s an interesting discussion for sure. I hadn’t realized the extent that Audubon plagiarized other ornithologists’ drawings and the whole debacle about the Washington Sea Eagle. Perhaps returning to the original name of the club would be appropriate? I haven’t read enough to know if National Audubon is considering a name change. I’m assuming BAS will remain a chapter? Good article, Mary.
Even in his time, Audubon engaged in behaviors that were considered unethical. We often want ill deeds dismissed as just ‘a man of his time’ but I think it’s important to realize how prevalent and pervasive unethical behavior was to Audubon.
Throughout Audubon’s life his fortunes came and went. He failed at running his father’s estate in Mill Grove. He engaged in one failed business after another and often turned to scams to make a living such as selling shares in a barge he did not own- a prelude to the Bird of Washington fraud.
Audubon did profit from the subscriptions to Birds of America. In 1841 he bought a large estate in upper Manhattan, only a decade before his death with his profits from his illustrations. Lucy had to sell off parts of the estate after his death to survive. He was notorious for running up large debts, poorly managing businesses and money and often resorted to unethical schemes to profit.
It is also important to note he would also kill hundreds of birds a day. His hunting exploits are well documented and way beyond capturing a few specimens to illustrate them. He also conducted cruel experiments on animals including his dog.
The more the realities of Audubon’s unethical exploits come to light the harder it is to dismiss him as simply ‘a man of the times.’
I applaud the KC Chapter for addressing the now-unavoidable issue of the troubling racist taint that follows anything related to John James Audubon. Other chapters are struggling with this and several have taken the leap and changed the name (including Maryland, see article below). I believe it behooves all current KC members (the overwhelming majority who are white) to take concrete steps to be more inclusive and welcoming to BIPOC; changing the name is a step in the appropriate direction.
https://www.npr.org/local/305/2021/11/05/1053015484/maryland-audubon-group-changes-name-due-to-namesake-s-racist-past#:~:text=Many%20environmental%20organizations%20are%20grappling,dropping%20the%20word%20%22Audubon.%22
Florence Audubon was my Godmother. She lived with my family in Florida for many winter seasons. When she died in 1949 in Florida, my mother accompanied her back to Salem, NY,for burial. Her grandfather was not a “pauper,” although he had gradually mentally declined. The Audubon family,including Lucy and the adult children struggled to ensure he was remembered. They worked very hard, especially Maria, to provide for her mother and Florence, and her brothers after John Woodhouse died. It’s easy to be critical, but the true story of the Audubons, and what they had to overcome in difficult times, has never been told. The Birds of America is still a great accomplishment!
Thank you, Ms. Tippets. Though produced at great personal, environmental, and societal expense, The Birds of America is, unquestionably, one of the greatest ornithological records in human history. The Audubons are a loving, talented and hard-working family, and their devotion to John James and John Woodhouse is exemplary.